Electrocardiographic changes and changes in cardiac lactate and troponin I levels associated with search and rescue physical activity in military dogs / Alterações eletrocardiográficas e nos níveis de lactato e troponina I cardíaca associadas à atividade física de busca e salvamento em cães militares

Rescue and recovery dogs intercalate the activity intensity developed, which also triggers significant metabolic changes in cardiac physiology. Thus, we evaluated the changes that search simulation causes in glucose, lactate, and cardiac troponin I level (cTnI) and the electrocardiographic and heart rate during the activity and recovery phase to predict the physiological adaptation to the exercise. Five healthy adult dogs from the Rescue and Recovery Service of Military Firefighters Corps were submitted to 60 minutes search operation simulation in the woods. They covered a forest area of approximately 50,000 m2. The dogs were loose and accompanied by their driver, and they could perform any physical activity. Were evaluated serum biochemical analysis of glucose, lactate, cardiac troponin I, electrocardiographic, and heart rate (rest, exercise phase, and recovery time). No changes in glucose levels, heart rate, and cardiac rhythm were detected. In comparison to baseline values, there is an increase: in lactate at the end of the exercise phase [EXER] (60'EXER), and in the recovery phase [RCT] at 30'RCT and 60'RCT, and cTnI at 60'RCT, 120'RCT, and 4hRCT. P wave duration was significantly higher at 60'EXER, 15'RCT, and 30'RCT, with no alterations in wave amplitude. QRS interval duration significantly increased at 30'RCT, and the ST segment presented a significant difference at 60'EXER, 15'RCT, and 60'RCT compared to the rest moment. The moderate alterations in lactate and cTnI and few alterations in the electrocardiographic and heart rate maintenance suggest the adaptation of rescue and recovery dogs to the type, intensity, and duration of search operation simulation performed.(AU)

Cães de busca e resgate intercalam a intensidade da atividade desenvolvida que desencadeia alterações metabólicas significativas, bem como na fisiologia cardíaca. Assim, foram avaliadas as alterações que a simulação de busca produz nos níveis de glicose, lactato, troponina I cardíaca (cTnI), bem como na frequência cardíaca e atividade eletrocardiográfica durante a fase de atividade e recuperação, a fim de predizer a adaptação fisiológica ao exercício. Cinco cães adultos saudáveis do Serviço de Resgate e Salvamento do Corpo de Bombeiros Militares foram submetidos à simulação de operação de busca de 60 minutos na mata e cobriram uma área florestal de aproximadamente 50.000 m2. Os cães estavam soltos, acompanhados pelo condutor e estavam livres para realizar qualquer tipo de atividade física. Foram avaliados os níveis séricos de glicose, lactato e troponina I cardíaca, atividade eletrocardiográfica e frequência cardíaca em repouso, na fase de exercício e no tempo de recuperação. Não foram detectadas alterações nos níveis de glicose, frequência cardíaca e ritmo cardíaco. Em comparação com os valores basais houve aumento de lactato ao final da fase de exercício [EXER] (60'EXER) e na fase de recuperação [RCT] aos 30'RCT e 60'RCT; e cTnI aos 60'RCT, 120'RCT e 4hRCT. Duração da onda P foi significativamente maior em 60'EXER, 15'RCT e 30'RCT, sem alterações na amplitude da onda. Duração do intervalo QRS teve aumento significativo em 30'RCT e o segmento ST apresentou diferença significativa em 60'EXER, 15'RCT e 60'RCT quando comparado ao basal. As alterações moderadas nos níveis de lactato e cTnI, bem como a pouca alteração na atividade eletrocardiográfica e manutenção da frequência cardíaca sugerem boa adaptação dos cães de busca e resgate ao tipo, intensidade e duração da operação de busca simulada realizada.(AU)

Efecto del ácido láctico en la respuesta celular del sistema inmunitario durante la fase inflamatoria temprana en el nervio isquiático dañado por compresión / Effect of lactic acid on the cellular response of the immune system during the early inflammatory phase in the sciatic nerve damaged by compression

En órganos dañados, el ácido láctico (AL) modifica la respuesta inmune innata e inflamatoria, induciendo una menor expresión de citoquinas pro-inflamatorias, que provocan, la modulación del reclutamiento de células inmunes. El daño por compresión del nervio isquiático (NI) desencadena una respuesta inflamatoria y un aumento exponencial del infiltrado inflamatorio de células inmunes, produciendo la destrucción de axones y pérdida funcional del nervio. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto agudo de la inyección de AL, sobre la proporción de células inmunes en la fase inflamatoria temprana, en el sitio de lesión del NI post compresión. Para ello, se utilizaron 15 ratas machos Sprague Dawley adultas, en tres grupos de compresión nerviosa. Un grupo control, un grupo control negativo con placebo (100 µL PBS) y un grupo experimental con inyección de 100 µL de AL [20mM]. Al tercer día los NI se analizaron histológicamente y se estableció la proporción de células inmunes en el sitio de lesión. Los resultados muestran que la inyección intraneural de AL provoca una disminución en el porcentaje de linfocitos y un aumento en el porcentaje de macrófagos. Este es el primer trabajo de inyección intraneural de AL y demuestra el efecto modulador del AL sobre las células inmunes en el sistema nervioso periférico.

In damaged organs, lactic acid (LA) modifies the innate and inflammatory immune response, inducing a lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which provoke the modulation of immune cell recruitment. Damage by compression of the sciatic nerve (SN) triggers an inflammatory response and an exponential increase in the inflammatory infiltrate of immune cells, producing the destruction of axons and functional loss of the nerve. The objective of this study is to evaluate the acute effect of the injection of LA, on the proportion of immune cells in the early inflammatory phase, in the site of SN post-compression injury. For this, 15 adult Sprague Dawley rats were used in three groups of nervous compression. A control group, a negative control group with placebo (100 mL PBS) and an experimental group with injection of 100 mL of LA [20mM]. On the third day, the SNs were histologically analyzed and the proportion of immune cells at the injury site was established. The results show that the intraneural injection of LA causes a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes and an increase in the percentage of macrophages. This is the first work of intraneural injection of LA and demonstrates the modulating effect of LA on immune cells in the peripheral nervous system.

Método químico simplificado de desmineralización del esmalte dental humano / Simplified chemical method of demineralization in human dental enamel

Introducción: Se requieren métodos experimentales abreviados para simular las lesiones de desmineralización temprana de forma controlada y reproducible. Objetivo: Realizar una evaluación in vitro de un método simple de desmineralización incipiente del esmalte. Métodos: Estudio experimental aleatorizado con doble diseño factorial de réplicas. Se seleccionaron 12 terceros molares de sujetos humanos saludables para su desmineralización en solución de ácido láctico racémico. Las muestras se distribuyeron aleatoriamente: Grupo 1 (G1) (n= 6) ácido láctico a pH 2,4 y Grupo 2 (G2) (n= 6) ácido láctico a pH 5,4. A continuación, cada grupo se subdividió (n = 2) para evaluar el efecto de las soluciones a tres tiempos de exposición (7, 15 y 30 días) a 37 °C. La evaluación se llevó a cabo con estereomicroscopios, equipo de radiografía digital con un software de análisis digital de imágenes y microscopía de polarización. Se formuló una integración de los índices de respuesta y se realizó un ANOVA. Resultados: Los hallazgos visuales, radiográficos e histológicos mostraron que en el G1 en los tiempos 1 a 3, la desmineralización se caracterizó por una gran pérdida de la integridad del esmalte (80 por ciento a 100 por ciento). Visualmente, el G2 a los 7 días mostró opacidad y pérdida de brillo (16 por ciento) con preservación de la estructura superficial del esmalte. Conclusiones: Se demuestra que el empleo de ácido láctico durante 7 días a pH 5,4 produce una lesión clínica, radiográfica e histológica similar a una lesión temprana del esmalte(AU)

Introduction: Abridged experimental methods are required to simulate early demineralizing lesions in a controlled and reproducible way. Objective: Perform an in vitro evaluation of a simple method of incipient enamel demineralization. Methods: Randomized experimental study with a double factorial replication design. Twelve third molars from healthy human subjects were selected for demineralization in a racemic lactic acid solution. Samples were then distributed randomly: Group 1 (G1) (n= 6) lactic acid at pH 2.4 and Group 2 (G2) (n= 6) lactic acid at pH 5.4. Each group was then subdivided (n = 2) to evaluate the effect of the solutions at three exposure times (7, 15 and 30 days) at 37°C. The evaluation used stereomicroscopes, a digital x-rays apparatus with software for the digital analysis of images, and polarization microscopy. An integration of the response indices was formulated and ANOVA was performed. Results: Visual, radiographic and histological findings showed that G1 at time 1 through 3 displayed demineralization characterized by extensive loss (80 percent to 100 percent) of enamel integrity. Visually, G2 at 7 days exhibited opacity and loss of brightness (16 percent), with preservation of the surface structure of the enamel. Conclusions: It was shown that employing lactic acid for 7 days at pH 5.4 develops a clinical, radiographic and histological injury similar to an early enamel lesion(AU)

Blood lactate increases with the progression of mitral valve disease in dogs / Aumento de lactato sanguíneo com progressão de valvopatia mitral em cães

In dogs with congestive heart failure, the upregulated sympathetic tone causes vasoconstriction that impairs peripheral blood supply, therefore causing the accumulation of lactate. In this prospective cross-sectional study with a longitudinal component, blood lactate was quantified in 10 healthy and 34 myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) dogs to investigate its potential use as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. While there were no differences in lactate concentration between control animals and stages B1 (3.31±0.62mmol/L) and B2 (3.32±0.46mmol/L) dogs, significant differences were found between healthy (2.50±0.69mmol/L) and both C (3.99±0.47mmol/L) and D (6.97±1.23mmol/L) animals. When a cut-off of 3.35mmol/L was used, lactate was able to distinguish dogs with normal and remodeled hearts with a sensitivity of 78.2% and specificity of 63.6%. Also, significant correlations existed between lactate and indicators of cardiac remodeling. Finally, animals with blood lactate <3.5mmol/L carried a better prognosis when compared with dogs in which lactate was >5.0mmol/L. Our results suggest that the progression of MMVD results in accumulation of lactate within the bloodstream, which is likely attributable to the impaired peripheral tissue perfusion. In MMVD dogs, blood lactate may be used as a surrogate for cardiac remodeling, and an increased concentration is associated with a worse prognosis regarding the time to evolve into congestive heart failure.(AU)

Em cães com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, o tônus simpático hiperregulado causa vasoconstrição e interfere com o suprimento sanguíneo periférico, resultando no acúmulo de lactato. Neste estudo prospectivo transversal com um componente longitudinal, o lactato sanguíneo foi quantificado em 10 cães saudáveis e 34 cães com doença mixomatosa da valva mitral (DMVM) para investigar seu potencial como biomarcador diagnóstico e prognóstico. Embora não tenham sido identificadas diferenças na concentração de lactato entre animais controle e cães com DMVM nos estágios B1 (3,31±0,62mmol/L) e B2 (3,32±0,46mmol/L), diferenças significativas foram constatadas entre os cães saudáveis (2,50±0,69mmol/L) e cães com DMVM estágio C (3,99±0,47mmol/L) ou D (6,97±1,23mmol/L). Quando utilizado o valor de corte de 3,35mmol/L, o lactato foi capaz de diferenciar cães com corações normais daqueles com corações remodelados com sensibilidade de 78,2% e especificidade de 63,6%. Além disso, correlações significativas foram encontradas entre o lactato e os indicadores de remodelamento cardíaco. Por fim, os animais com lactato sanguíneo <3,5mmol/L tiveram prognóstico melhor comparativamente aos cães com concentrações >5,0mmol/L. Nossos resultados sugerem que a progressão da DMVM resulta no acúmulo de lactato na corrente sanguínea, fato que é provavelmente atribuído à perfusão periférica prejudicada. Em cães com DMVM, o lactato sanguíneo pode ser utilizado como indicador de remodelamento cardíaco, cuja concentração elevada está associada com pior prognóstico relativo ao tempo para evoluir para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva.(AU)

Angiogenesis and tumor progression inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib associated with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) in tumor cell line resistant to chemotherapy / Inhibición de angiogénesis y progresión tumoral por inhibidor selectivo de ciclooxigenasa-2 celecoxib asociado con ácido (poli láctico co-glicólico) en línea de células tumorales resistentes a quimioterapia

Although, antineoplastic therapies have now been developed reduction of tumor progression,itis necessarytofind new therapeutic alternatives to suppress angiogenesis.Thus celecoxib (Cx) has been used for its antiangiogenic action in combination with certain polymeric compounds such as poly (lactic co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) acid, which help to improve the bioavailability and avoid effects of long drug administrations. For this purpose we used a murine tumor modelinduced by mammary adenocarcinoma cells resistant to chemotherapy (TA3-MTXR). CX/PLGA inhibits the microvascular density, VEGF expression and cell proliferationinaddition to increased apoptosis (P <0.0001). Cx reduces tumor progression in a concentration of 1000 ppm associated with PLGA, reducing cell proliferation, the presence of VEGF and promoting apoptosis of multiresistant TA3 tumor cells.

Si bien actualmente se han desarrollado terapias antineoplásicas que permiten reducir de cierta manera el avance tumoral, es necesario buscar nuevas alternativas terapéuticas que permitan suprimir la angiogénesis. Es así como el Celecoxib (Cx) ha sido utilizado por su acción antiangiogénica en combinación con algunos compuestos poliméricos, tal como el ácido poli (láctico co-glicólico) (PLGA), el cual ayudaría a mejorar la biodisponibilidad y evitaría efectos derivados de largas administraciones del fármaco. Para tal efecto se ha utilizado un modelo tumoral murino, inducido por células tumorales de adenocarcinoma mamario resistente a la quimioterapia (TA3-MTXR). Los resultados indican que CX/PLGA inhibe la microvascularización, expresión de VEGF y la proliferación celular además del aumento de la apoptosis (P<0,0001). El efecto antitumoral del Cx está bien reportado en la literatura; este sumado a la microencapsulación con PLGA, aportarían un sistema de administración útil, ya que nos otorga una administración sostenida en el tiempo, los cual podría ayudar a mantener los niveles de droga durante un período más prolongado, lo cual sería beneficioso en la terapia tumoral.

Uso de ácido lático e seu sal sódico em carnes e derivados: uma revisão / Use of lactic acid and its sodium salt in meat and dairy products: a review

A carne e os produtos cárneos são alimentos com elevado potencial de deterioração e por isso métodos de conservação são estudados e empregados para ampliação da sua vida de prateleira e preservação de sua qualidade. O ácido lático é um metabólico presente naturalmente na carne, formado durante o processo de conversão músculo carne que vem sendo testado com eficiência em carnes e derivados cárneos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão sobre o uso do ácido lático e seu sal sódico em carnes e derivados cárneos.

Development of VEGF-loaded PLGA matrices in association with mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering

The association of bioactive molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with nanofibers facilitates their controlled release, which could contribute to cellular migration and differentiation in tissue regeneration. In this research, the influence of their incorporation on a polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold produced by electrospinning on cell adhesion and viability and cytotoxicity was carried out in three groups: 1) PLGA/BSA/VEGF; 2) PLGA/BSA, and 3) PLGA. Morphology, fiber diameter, contact angle, loading efficiency and controlled release of VEGF of the biomaterials, among others, were measured. The nanofibers showed smooth surfaces without beads and with interconnected pores. PLGA/BSA/VEGF showed the smallest water contact angle and VEGF released for up to 160 h. An improvement in cell adhesion was observed for the PLGA/BSA/VEGF scaffolds compared to the other groups and the scaffolds were non-toxic for the cells. Therefore, the scaffolds were shown to be a good strategy for sustained delivery of VEGF and may be a useful tool for tissue engineering.

Effect of Lactobacillus sp. isolates supernatant on Escherichia coli O157: H7 enhances the role of organic acids production as a factor for pathogen control / Efeito do sobrenadante de isolados de Lactobacillus sp. sobre Escherichia coli O157: H7 reforça o papel da produção de ácidos orgânicos como fator de controle patogênico

Many attempts have been made to establish the control of foodborne pathogens through Lactobacillus isolates and their metabolism products with success being obtained in several situations. The aim of this study was to investigate the antagonistic effect of eight Lactobacillus isolates, including L. casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, L. plantarum, L. reuteri and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii, on the pathogenic Escherichia colistrain O157:H7. The inhibitory effect of pure cultures and two pooled cultures supernatants of Lactobacillus on the growth of pathogenic bacteria was evaluated by the spot agar method and by monitoring turbidity. Antimicrobial activity was confirmed for L. reuteri and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii and for a pool of lactic acid bacteria. The neutralized supernatant of the pool exerted a higher antimicrobial activity than that of the individual strains. Furthermore, D-lactic acid and acetic acid were produced during growth of the Lactobacillus isolates studied.(AU)

Muitas tentativas têm sido feitas para se estabelecer o controle de patógenos de origem alimentar através do uso de estirpes de Lactobacillus e dos seus produtos de metabolismo, com sucesso sendo sucedido em várias situações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito antagônico do sobrenadante de culturas de oito isolados de Lactobacillus, incluindo L. casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, L. plantarum L. reuteri e L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii, sobre Escherichia coli amostra O157:H7. Os efeitos inibidores de culturas puras e de dois "pools" de cultura de Lactobacillus sobre o crescimento da bactéria foram avaliados através do método de inibição em ágar e através do monitoramento da turbidez da cultura bacteriana. A atividade antimicrobiana foi confirmada para Lactobacillus reuteri e Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii e para o "pool" de bactérias acido-láctica. O sobrenadante neutralizado do "pool" de Lactobacillus exerceu uma atividade antimicrobiana mais elevada do que aquela das estirpes individuais. Além disso, ácido D-láctico e ácido acético foram produzidos durante o crescimento dos Lactobacillus estudados(AU)

Evaluation of a novel decorporation approach to prevent radioactivity uptake by using acidosis in experimental animals.

With an aim to devise a prophylactic and/or therapeutic approach for preventing internalization of radiothallium (201Tl), and more importantly by implication, its chemical analogue radiocesium (137Cs) during any nuclear emergency, different ex vivo and in vivo animal models were created to determine the role of pH in absorption of 201Tl across jejunum/muscle tissue and whole body retention of 201Tl respectively. Movement of Tl+ under simulated pH conditions proved that pH had direct influence on its absorption. Oral intake of acidified water or parenteral administration of lactic acid was able to reduce the body burden of 201Tl by up to 12 and 50% respectively. The results indicate that acidification of gut, within physiological range may be used as an option for decorporation/inhibition of incorporation of radiothallium and radiocesium, particularly in cases of mass casualty.

Randomized clinical efficacy of superficial peeling with 85% lactic acid versus 70% glycolic acid / Estudo randomizado da eficacia clinica dos peelings superficiais de acido lactico 85% versus acido glicolico 70%

BACKGROUND: Peeling is a procedure which aims to accelerate the process of skin exfoliation. OBJECTIVES: Development of formulations containing lactic acid at 85% or glycolic acid at 70% and the evaluation of these formulations on clinical efficacy in reduction of fine wrinkles. METHODS: Preliminary stability tests were carried out and an in vivo study was performed with three groups with 9 representatives each. One was the control group, which used only sunscreen; another one used lactic acid+sunscreen, and the last group used acid glycolic+sunscreen. Clinical efficacy was assessed with a CCD color microscope, through the digitization of images before and after treatment. The applications were carried out by a dermatologist, once a mont h every 30 days, during 3 months. The area with wrinkles was calculated by planimetry point counting, in accordance with Mandarin-de-Lacerda. RESULTS: The formulations were stable in the visual and Ph evaluation. There was no improvement in the control group; for lactic acid, there was significant improvement after the second peeling application on the outer lateral area of the right eye and after the third application on the outer lateral area of the left eye. For the glycolic acid group, there was significant improvement in the outer lateral area of the left eye after the first application, and of the right eye region, after three applications. The formulations used must be kept under refrigeration and should be manipulated every 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Both peelings were effective in reducing fine wrinkles of the outer lateral eye area after three applications (p≤0.05%). It was observed that peeling efficacy in the external-lateral region of one eye might be different compared with that in skin of the external-lateral region of the other eye, relative to the speed of skin improvement. .

FUNDAMENTOS: Peeling visa a acelerar o processo de esfoliação da pele. OBJETIVOS: Desenvolver formulações contendo ácido láctico a 85% ou ácido glicólico a 70% e avaliar sua eficácia clínica na redução de rugas finas. MÉTODOS: Testes preliminares foram efetuados e estudo in vivo foi realizado em três grupos com nove representantes cada, separados de forma randomizada. Um grupo foi controle, utilizando apenas fotoprotetor; outro utilizou ácido láctico e fotoprotetor; o último usou ácido glicólico e fotoprotetor. Para eficácia clínica, empregou-se microscópio CCD color, digitalizando-se as imagens do pré e do pós-tratamento. As aplicações foram realizadas por médica dermatologista uma vez por mês, a cada 30 dias, durante três meses. A área com traços de ruga foi calculada pela planimetria por contagem de pontos. RESULTADOS: As formulações foram estáveis na avaliação visual e de pH. Não houve melhora no grupo controle; para o grupo do ácido láctico, houve melhora significativa após a segunda aplicação do peeling na região lateral externa do olho direito e após a terceira aplicação na região lateral externa olho esquerdo. Para o grupo do ácido glicólico, houve melhora significativa na região lateral externa olho esquerdo após a primeira aplicação e, depois de três aplicações, na região lateral externa do olho direito. As formulações magistrais empregadas no estudo devem ser mantidas sob refrigeração e manipuladas a cada 30 dias. CONCLUSÕES: Tanto o peeling de ácido láctico quanto o de ácido glicólico foram eficazes na diminuição de rugas finas da região lateral externa dos olhos após ...

Comportamento de células do sistema imune frente ao desafio com Salmonella Enteritidis em aves tratadas e não tratadas com ácidos orgânicos / Behavior of cells of immune system to the challenge with Salmonella Enteritidis in birds treated and untreated with organic acids

A Salmonelose é uma importante zoonose, considerada a principal causa de infecções bacterianas, sendo associada ao consumo de produtos avícolas. Como alternativa de controle, ácidos orgânicos têm sido amplamente usados. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre o estado imunológico de aves de produção, e uma avaliação deste status é necessária para proteger frente a enfermidades e para garantir à aplicação segura de agentes terapêuticos ou imunização profilática. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o comportamento do sistema imunológico das aves previamente infectadas com Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) tratadas com um composto de ácidos orgânicos em diferentes concentrações administrado via água e ração comparando com as aves infectadas e não tratadas. Foram inoculados 120 frangos de corte com 1mL de SE, via oral, na concentração de 1,0 x 108 UFC/mL, no 1º e 2º dia de idade, divididos em seis tratamentos com duas repetições, utilizando 200, 400, 500 e 1000ppm do ácido orgânico. Aos 35 dias de vida das aves, foram coletados, de todos os grupos, alíquotas de sangue de 3mL em tubo contendo EDTA para a avaliação das células imunes através de citometria de fluxo. Foram analisadas as porcentagens circulantes de células CD4+, CD8β+, MHC I+, MHC II+, TCRVβ1+, TCRVβ2+ e CD28+. Para análise microbiológica foram coletadas tonsilas cecais destas aves. Observou-se com esse estudo que os ácidos orgânicos nas dosagens 1000ppm na água e 500ppm na ração durante, dois e sete dias respectivamente antes do abate, foram eficazes na redução da infecção por SE em frangos de corte, comprovadas pelo método microbiológico e demonstradas através do comportamento das células do sistema imune. No presente estudo as aves infectadas apresentaram uma proporção menor de células T auxiliares circulantes quando comparadas às aves infectadas, mas tratadas com o AO ou com o grupo não infectado. A mesma tendência pode ser observada para as células CD28+, TCRVβ1+ e MHC IIbright+, e, com menor resolução, para CD8β+.

Salmonellosis is an important zoonosis, considered the leading cause of bacterial infections, and is associated with the consumption of poultry products. As alternative control, organic acids have been widely used. However, little is known about the immune status of poultry production, and an evaluation of this status is necessary to protect against disease and to ensure the safe application of therapeutic agents or prophylactic vaccination. This study aimed to verify the behavior of the immune system of birds previously infected with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) treated with a compound of organic acids in different concentrations administered via water and food, compared with the infected birds and untreated. One hundred and twenty broilers were orally inoculated with 1ml of SE at a concentration of 1.0x108 CFU/mL, at 1 and 2-days-old and divided into six treatments with two repetitions of 200, 400, 500 and 1000ppm organic acid. From 35-days-old birds of all groups were collected aliquots of 3mL of blood into a tube containing EDTA for the evaluation of immune cells by flow cytometry. We then analyzed the percentages of circulating CD4+, CD8β+, MHC I+ MHC II+, TCRVβ1+, CD28+ + and TCRVβ2. For microbiological analysis were collected caecal tonsils of these birds. We found that organic acids in dosages 1000ppm 500ppm in water and in feed for 2 to 7 days before slaughter, respectively, were effective in reducing SE infection in broilers, proven by microbiological method and demonstrated through the behavior of immune cells. The infected birds showed a lower proportion of circulating T helper cells compared with infected poultry, but treated with AO or with the uninfected group. The same trend can be observed for CD28+ cells, and MHC IIbright+ TCRVβ 1+, and with lower resolution, for CD8β+.

Preparation and evaluation of cosmetic patches containing lactic and glycolic acids.

BACKGROUND: Alpha-hydroxy acids such as glycolic acid (GA) and lactic acid (LA), are used in cosmetic patches. The important fact in cosmetic patches is its suitable adhesion and peel properties. AIM: The objective of this study was to prepare LA- and GA-containing cosmetic patches and evaluate in-vitro/in-vivo correlation of adhesion properties. METHODS: Pressure-sensitive adhesives with different concentrations of GA and LA were cast on a polyethylene terephthalate film. The patches were evaluated for peel adhesive strength. On the basis of in vitro adhesion properties the patches were selected for wear performance tests and skin irritation potential. RESULTS: The adhesion properties (adhesion to steel plate and skin) and cohesive strength tests indicated the substantial influence of GA and LA concentrations. Based on in vitro adhesion studies the patches containing 3% (w/w) GA were selected for in vivo studies. In vivo studies show that a formulation containing 3% GA displays good adhesion on the skin, but it leaves little residues on the skin. Skin Irritation studies on healthy human volunteers showed negligible erythema at the site of application after 48 h. CONCLUSION: The noninvasive patch test model was found useful for detecting irritant skin reactions to the cosmetic patch containing GA. Our results demonstrated a strong correlation between the adhesion to steel plate and adhesion to skin. But a weak correlation between the degree of adhesive residue on the skin in in vitro and in vivo tests was observed for the formulation containing 3% (w/w) GA.

Satisfaction and tolerability of combination of lactoserum and lactic acid on the external genitalia in Thai women.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess the user satisfaction and tolerability of a combination of lactoserum and lactic acid on the external genitalia of Thai women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Women who were over 18 years of age who came to gynecologic outpatient unit at Rajavithi Hospital from November 2004 to January 2005, without clinical manifestations of vulvovaginal irritation or infection were included. The exclusion criteria were women who had allergy to a combination of lactoserum and lactic acid, or any of the components of this product. Clinical history was taken and gynaecological examination was performed. Those who met the eligible criteria were assigned to use one bottle of 150 ml combination of lactoserum and lactic acid on the external genitalia. Fisher's Exact test was used to compare the satisfaction between each group. RESULTS: There were 300 patients equally dividing in 3 groups. Average age was 42.2 +/- 9.8 years. The satisfaction percentage was more than 90 percent according to the evaluation criteria. There was no statistically significant difference between products. The tolerability were high percentage, only 3.3% of the patients used these products less than 7 days. 6 patients (2%) experienced discomfort resulting from these products and no statistically significant difference between products. CONCLUSION: The combination of lactoserum and lactic acid demonstrated the high percentage of satisfaction and tolerability. Only 2% of patients experienced discomfort without any serious discomfort effects.

Valor pronóstico de la velocidad de ascenso del ácido láctico plasmático en pacientes pediátricos sépticos: estudio prospectivo Hospital de Niños J. M. de Los Ríos Caracas / Hospital of children J.M. de los Ríos Caracas

Evaluar si la velocidad de ascenso en la concentración plasmática del ácido láctico (Alp) constituye un índice pronóstico útil en pacientes pediátricos con sepsis. Se determinó el Alp a las 0,12,24,36,48, y 60 horas ingreso de cada paciente incluidos en la investigación 30 días hasta 12 años. Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital J.M. de los Ríos. El Alp se determinó en el laboratorio general del Hospital Centro Médico de Caracas, utilizando un analizador TDx-FLx fabricado por Abbott Laboratories, N Chicago IL 60064. Se tomó una muestra de sangre (arterial o venosa) para dosificar el Alp. Valor normal del Alp 0,5-2,20 mMol/L. Se utilizó el índice de predicción pediátrica (IPP) para pacientes críticamente enfermos, comparándose éste con el Alp y la velocidad con que se modificaron en cada uno de los subgrupos de los pacientes estudiados. Se encontró correlación entre Alp, la velocidad con que la rata de producción del Alp se incrementa y la evolución clínica. A medida que la rata de producción del Alp es igual o mayor a 0,0474m/Mol/L/h mayor es la gravedad de la sepsis, con mayor número de muertes si ésta es igual o mayor a 0,098mMol/L/h. En total 19 pacientes sépticos fallecieron (47,5 por ciento) y 21 sobrevivieron (52,14 por ciento). La velocidad de ascenso en la concentración del Alp en pacientes pediátricos sépticos es un índice pronóstico útil para tomar decisiones terapéuticas más adecuadas

Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as carriers for antimycobacterial drug rifampicin.

Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) polymers were investigated as carriers for the first line antitubercular drug rifampicin. Different formulations of PLG microparticles viz. porous, non porous and hardened exhibited sustained release of rifampicin up to 7 weeks in vitro. However, hardened PLG microparticles exhibited the most sustained release in vivo in different organs up to 6 weeks. In case of free rifampicin, release was detected in vivo only up to 48 hr. In addition, no hepatotoxicity was observed on a biochemical basis (levels of SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin) in comparison to control animals. Taken together, these results suggest that polymer encapsulated antitubercular drug rifampicin may serve as an ideal therapeutic approach for treatment of tuberculous infections.

Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) based delivery systems for vaccines and drugs.

Current vaccination and drug delivery strategies emphasize on the development of controlled release techniques for persistent and sustained effects. In the recent years, polymer based systems for the delivery of bioactive agents have gained considerable attention due to their marked adjuvanticity, established biodegradability and biocompatibility, excellent mechanical strength and controlled release profiles. This review deals with the potential applications of synthetic polymers mainly PLG polymers in delivery of vaccines and drugs.

Efeitos do lactato de amônio tópico sobre a atrofia cutânea causada por um corticosteróide tópico potente / Effects of topical ammonium lactate on cutaneous atrophy from a potent topical corticosteroid

Histórico: Os corticosteróides tópicos produzem alteraçöes atróficas na pele, inclusive diminuiçäo da espessura da epiderme e da substância essencial dérmica. Observamos que o lactato de amônio a 12 por cento produziu aumento da espessura da epiderme e aumento na qualidade de glicosaminoglicanos dérmicos. Objetivo: Determinar se o lactato de amônio a 12 por cento poderia minimizar a atrofia cutânea produzida por um corticosteróide tópico potente. Métodos: Ambos, o propionato de clobetasol e o lactato de amônio a 12 por cento, foram aplicados repetidas vezes sob patches oclusivos, bem como em patches abertos nos antebraços de voluntários durante 3 a 4 semanas. As amostras para biópsia foram avaliadas por análise de imagem quanto à espessura da epiderme e quanto à quantidade de glicosaminoglicanos dérmicos. Resultados: O lactato de amônio a 12 por cento atenuou significativamente a atrofia da epiderme e da derme sem nenhuma influência sobre a biodisponibilidade ou sobre as propriedades antiinflamatórias do corticosteróide. Conclusäo: O lactato de amônio a 12 por cento pode ser útil na atenuaçäo dos efeitos adversos do corticosteróide na pele